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- No.2 / (5) Vulnerability to Poverty and Its Determinants in Rural Ethiopia
- Title_ Vulnerability to Poverty and Its Determinants in Rural Ethiopia Author_ Abrham Seyoum TSEHAY Pages 107-134 Abstract_ This study analyzes the vulnerability to poverty of smallholders in rural Ethiopia using a unique panel dataset, the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey which was collected from 15 peasant Associations covering 1359 households for the years 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009. Three steps feasible generalized least squares and Principal component approaches are employed for this purpose. The results indicate that smallholders in rural Ethiopia in general are subjected to high levels of vulnerability to poverty as measured by a poverty threshold of 1 USD and a vulnerability threshold of 0. 5 using the consumption based approach. Both poverty incidence and vulnerability to poverty in rural Ethiopia are substantial but have opposite trends across survey rounds. While vulnerability to poverty increases steadily till 2004 before it moderately declines in the last round, the rate of poverty, on the contrary, declined consistently till the third round but considerably increased in the last round. However, vulnerability to poverty prevailed over poverty incidence in all the survey rounds indicating the need to give more focus on precautionary measures than merely safety net programs. Keywords_ Vulnerability, Multi-dimensional Indices, Panel Data, Ethiopia
- IPAID 2020.12.02
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9
- No.2 / (4) Purdue University and Catholic Relief Services
- Title_ Purdue University and Catholic Relief Services: A Case Study of University – Non-Governmental Organization Institutional Partnership Author_ David M. LEEGE and S. Suzanne NIELSEN Pages 81-106 Abstract_ Collaboration between universities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) has become more common in international development in recent years. Despite their difference in objectives and structure, both institutions derive benefits from this collaboration, including capacity building, greater access to donor funding and scaled up adoption of technology and innovation in the field. However, most of these relationships are project-based, ad hoc and one-off. As such, they are often subject to frictions common to situations where each institutions’ objectives and interests are not fully transparent. Institutional partnership can help to prevent these tensions from occurring or find solutions quickly when tensions arise. Purdue University and Catholic Relief Services (CRS) have collaborated with each other for over ten years. This collaboration, while initially field based, started to achieve more significant and lasting results after it was formalized through a commitment by senior leadership in both institutions. This case study documents the evolution of this partnership, from its ad hoc origins in the field to a full institutional commitment, and illustrates the lessons learned along the way. Keywords_ NGO – University Partnerships for Development; NGO – University Operational Research; NGO-University Engagement; ManagementFunctionality of NGO-University Partnerships for Development; Non-Government Organizations and Development; Universities
- IPAID 2020.12.02
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8
- No.2 / (3) Factors Influencing Household Income in Poor Urban Slum Settlements in Bangladesh
- Title_ Factors Influencing Household Income in Poor Urban Slum Settlements in Bangladesh Author_ Sanzidur RAHMAN Pages 55-80 Abstract_ The paper examines the influence of socio-economic factors on monthly total household income in poor urban slum settlements in four secondary cities of Bangladesh (i.e., Tongi, Jessore, Mymensingh and Dinajpur) based on a census survey of 33,049 households using a Tobit model. Results reveal that all levels of education, public sector employment, business, self-employment, homestead land ownership, family size, female occupation and urban agriculture significantly increases income whereas households with female heads, unemployed heads and children under 5 earn significantly less income. Migrant households do not earn significantly less than the local residents. Geographical variation exist as income is significantly higher in Tongi, Jessore and Mymensingh compared to Dinajpur. Policy implications include investments in higher education, expansion of employment opportunities in the public sector, business and self-employment activities, promotion of urban agriculture and targeted programs to enhance women’s employment in order to raise income of these poor urban households. Keywords_ Household Income, Urban Slum Settlements, Secondary Cities, Tobit Model, Bangladesh
- IPAID 2020.12.02
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7
- No.2 / (2) What are Good Candidates for Vietnam’s Economic Growth Drivers ?
- Title_ What are Good Candidates for Vietnam’s Economic Growth Drivers? A Discussion of Services, Informality and Economies of Scope Author_ Adam FFORDE Pages 29-54 Abstract_ This paper argues that more attention to economies of scope, especially in services production is needed to explain patterns of economic growth in Vietnam since the early 1990s. Existing studies have mistakenly focused on industrialization as a key growth driver, when contrary to policy, there has been servicization. By surveying some of the large relevant literature and data and discussing the resulting conceptual tangles, this paper argues that this mistake is in fact extremely common in analyses of global patterns of economic development. Other frameworks are clearly needed; therefore, it also considers the idea that analysis of Vietnam’s economic growth should examine potential for economies of scope in traditional family joint production. It is argued that cultural factors support rational decision-making at this level despite absence of a clear cost function, and that this could help explain success and servicization. It then adds-in the issue of informality, to bolster a provisional argument that exploitation of economies of scope, especially in informal services sectors, offer strong explanations for Vietnam’s rapid economic growth after the emergence of a market economy, and the slowdown from around the middle of the ‘noughties’. Further research is clearly needed, both into what caused Vietnam’s ‘economic miracle’ and why the expectation that it was industrialization came to dominate policy analysis. Keywords_ Vietnam, Transition, Economic Growth, Structural Change, Services Sector, Globalization, Economies of Scope
- IPAID 2020.12.02
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6
- No.2 / (1) Drills and Diets, Consumption and Conservation
- Title_ Drills and Diets, Consumption and Conservation – the Role of Primate Meat in Local Diets in and Around Cross River National Park, Nigeria Author_ Agnes ANDERSSON DJURFELDT, Edu O. EFFIOM, Magnus JIRSTRÖM and Ola OLSSON Pages 1-28 Abstract_ The study uses household level data from four villages in and around Cross River National Park (CRNP), Nigeria to assess the role of primate meat in local livelihoods and diets. Okwangwo is an enclave community within the national park, Butatong houses the CRNP headquarters. Kanyang1 and Abo Ebam are located farther away from the park. 149 respondents were surveyed. Sale of bushmeat contributed 4 percent of total cash income on average, but is important as a source of protein in the context of poorly developed livestock systems. 98 percent of the households ate bushmeat during the past year and 74 percent hunted for consumption. 77 percent ate meat from primates, although this varied from 53 percent in Butatong to 97 percent in Okwangwo. Differences emerge among the villages with less reliance on bushmeat, less hunting and a dietary shift towards poultry in Butatong. There is no correlation between income levels and consumption of primate meat. The overwhelming motive for eating primate meat was taste preferences. Solutions to unsustainable extraction of primate meat must be sourced in relation to local consumption. Improving access to animal source foods, through widening the livestock basis of local agrarian systems therefore comes across as a primary conservation measure. Keywords_ Bushmeat, Livelihoods, Hunting, Consumption, Conservation, Livestock
- IPAID 2020.12.02
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5
- No.1 / (5) Poverty Profiles and Coping Strategies of the Haor (Ox-bow lake) Households in Bangladesh
- Title_ Poverty Profiles and Coping Strategies of the Haor (Ox-bow lake) Households in Bangladesh Author_ Mohammad Mizanul Haque KAZAL, Sanzidur RAHMAN & Mohammad Zakir HOSSAIN Pages 167-191 Abstract_ The study examines the depth and severity of poverty and coping strategies of 4065 households from 30 haor (ox-bow lake) areas from six north-eastern districts of Bangladesh. Results revealed that 29.6% and 43.0% of the surveyed households were below the lower and upper poverty lines based on a Cost of Basic Needs (CBN) method. The depth of poverty was estimated at 7.6% and 12.4% and the severity of poverty at 3.0% and 5.2%, respectively based on lower and upper poverty line estimates, which were substantially higher than the national average for rural areas of Bangladesh. Poverty is relatively higher for the households characterized by landlessness, large family size, lacking durable assets, poor housing and sanitation, NGO membership, wage labor and illiterate heads. Loans from moneylenders and/or relatives, reduction of monthly expenditure and asset sale were the main coping strategies. Policy implications include land reform and tenurial policies aimed at smooth functioning of the land rentalmarket; provision of collateral free credit; investments in employment and income generation activities; provision of skills training; targeted education programs and increased coverage of safety net programs in order to reduce poverty of these highly vulnerable haor residents. Keywords_ Haor ox-bow lake areas; poverty; severity of poverty, coping strategies; Bangladesh
- IPAID 2020.12.02
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4
- No.1 / (4) The EU as an Influencing Force of East African Community Integration
- Title_ The EU as an Influencing Force of East African Community Integration? An Analysis of Local Stakeholders’ Perceptions and the Study of Consent Author_ Nathan VANDEPUTTE & Fabienne BOSSUYT Pages 127-166 Abstract_ There is consensus in the literature that the European Union (EU) influences the integration processes in Africa, including the East African Community (EAC), through the promotion of its norms and own understanding of integration. With regard to the EAC, the EU promotes a liberal narrative of progressive trade opening and economic liberalization, with a focus on making trade work through infrastructure development (mainly road building) and functional institutions. However, existing research is predominantly EU-centered, and therefore does not take into account the perceptions of the various local stakeholders or it limits itself to the study of the elite, thereby ignoring the internal state–society complexes of regional integration. This article seeks to advance the existing literature by examining to what extent local actors—state and non-state—in Uganda consent with the EU’s promotion of regional integration in its relations with the EAC. This article finds that consent differs from actor to actor and consent differs according to the substance of the EU promotion of regional integration of the EAC, namely infrastructure or institutions. Keywords_ East African Community, Integration, Local stakeholders, Consent, Economic Partnership Agreement
- IPAID 2020.12.02
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3
- No.1 / (3) Patterns and Determinants of Household Income Diversification in Rural Senegal and Kenya
- Title_ Patterns and Determinants of Household Income Diversification in Rural Senegal and Kenya Author_ Sarah ALOBO LOISON & Céline BIGNEBAT Pages 93-126 Abstract_ Income diversification is considered one of the important household strategies for securing rural livelihoods. We investigate its patterns and determinants using data on 1,747 farm households collected in 2007-2008 from six regions in rural Senegal and Kenya. The empirical investigation shows that the regional variation in income diversification does not follow any clear patterns, with push and pull determinants acting concurrently within and between regions. Therefore, policies on income diversification need to be tailored to meet the development needs of specific regions. More generally, income diversification is significantly associated with household asset endowments, demographic factors, accessibility to rural towns, migration opportunities, and perceptions on food security. Keywords_ Rural livelihoods, Income diversification, Push and pull determinants, Senegal, Kenya
- IPAID 2020.12.02
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2
- No.1 / (2) The Poverty–Environment Nexus and the Wealth Paradox
- Title_ The Poverty–Environment Nexus and the Wealth Paradox: Community Forest Collective Action and Child Labor in Bolivia Author_ Randall BLUFFSTONE Pages 49-92 Abstract_ This paper examines the relationship between child labor and forest collective action in community forest settings in the Bolivian Andes. A key part of the poverty–environment nexus literature contends that lack of collective action leads to open access, poor natural resource management and use of more labor to get needed direct use forest values like fuelwood, fodder and grazing. These forest products are known to be critical for rural livelihoods in low-income countries like Bolivia, and child labor is often used to collect them. Though effective collective action curbs open access, it also in the long run increases forest quality, reducing household forest product collection costs. It is therefore not completely clear that open access increases and collective action reduces child labor. This paper tests the hypothesis that better collective action leads to less child labor and extends the so-called wealth paradox literature to include community forest wealth proxied by collective action quality, which I hope offers a significant contribution to the literature. Using several econometric methods, I find that households experiencing more effective collective action generally use more forest-based and total child labor. The results suggest that child labor may be an important disamenity of collective action. Keywords_ Forests, Collective Action, Bolivia, Child Labor
- IPAID 2020.12.02
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1
- No.1 / (1) Decolonizing the Postcolonial University? Possibilities and Exigencies with Evidence from Uganda
- Title_ Decolonizing the Postcolonial University? Possibilities and Exigencies with Evidence from Uganda Author_ James H. MITTELMAN Pages 1-48 Abstract_ Decades ago, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o famously raised the question of decolonizing the mind. Scores of postcolonial intellectuals followed with interventions on unmaking the ways that colonial education had bleached people’s stories embodying cultural inheritance and had caused epistemological violence. But the early postcolonial critics left open the issue of how to decolonize a principal site at which successor generations are taught and learn about civilizational values. What does it mean to decolonize the university in Africa? While many academics shared Ngũgĩ’s hopes for indigenizing learning and called for autonomous discourses, translating them into practice proved to be a daunting task. Given powerful global forces and local interests, it becomes a matter of who owns the university in Africa and who controls the production of narratives. Based on extensive fieldwork on knowledge structures in Uganda, including documentary research and numerous discussions with key stakeholders—governmental ministers, civil servants, upper administration at university, academic and general staff, and students—this paper assesses efforts to meet fundamental challenges common to higher learning in many postcolonial settings, where, like in Uganda, local protagonists are attempting to expand policy space and realize the promise of decolonizing the university. Keywords_ Higher education, Decolonization, Development, Global South, Globalization, Postcolonial theory
- IPAID 2020.11.25